VSCode-V2: Dynamic Prompt Learning for General Visual Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection With Two-Stage Optimization

Salient object detection (SOD) and camouflaged object detection (COD) are related but distinct binary mapping tasks, each involving multiple modalities that share commonalities while maintaining unique characteristics. Existing approaches often rely on complex, task-specific architectures, leading to redundancy and limited generalization. Our previous work, VSCode, introduced a generalist model that effectively handles four SOD tasks and two COD tasks. VSCode leveraged VST as its foundation model and incorporated 2D prompts within an encoder-decoder framework to capture domain and task-specific knowledge, utilizing a prompt discrimination loss to optimize the model. Building upon the proven effectiveness of our previous work VSCode, we identify opportunities to further strengthen generalization capabilities through focused modifications in model design and optimization strategy. To unlock this potential, we propose VSCode-v2, an extension that introduces a Mixture of Prompt Experts (MoPE) layer to generate adaptive prompts. We also redesign the training process into a two-stage approach: first learning shared features across tasks, then capturing specific characteristics. To preserve knowledge during this process, we incorporate distillation from our conference version model. Furthermore, we propose a contrastive learning mechanism with data augmentation to strengthen the relationships between prompts and feature representations. VSCode-v2 demonstrates balanced performance improvements across six SOD and COD tasks. Moreover, VSCode-v2 effectively handles various multimodal inputs and exhibits zero-shot generalization capability to novel tasks, such as RGB-D Video SOD.