Object detection based on deep learning for urine sediment examination

Abstract Urine sediment examination (USE) is an important topic in kidney disease analysis and it is often the prerequisite for subsequent diagnostic procedures. We propose DFPN(Feature Pyramid Network with DenseNet) method to overcome the problem of class confusion in the USE images that it is hard to be solved by baseline model which is the state-of-the-art object detection model FPN with RoIAlign pooling. We explored the importance of two parts of baseline model for the USE cell detection. First, adding attention module in the network head, and the class-specific attention module has improved mAP by 0.7 points with pre-trained ImageNet model and 1.4 points with pre-trained COCO model. Next, we introduced DenseNet to the baseline model(DFPN) for cell detection in USE, so that the input of the network's head own multiple levels of semantic information, compared to the baseline model only has high-level semantic information. DFPN achieves top result with a mAP of 86.9% on USE test set after balancing between the classification loss and bounding-box regression loss, which improve 5.6 points compared to baseline model, and especially erythrocyte's AP is greatly improved from 65.4% to 93.8%, indicating class confusion has been basically resolved. And we also explore the impacts of training schedule and pre-trained model. Our method is promising for the development of automated USE.