Social entrepreneurship in tourism: A framework-based scoping review and research agenda

While tourism social entrepreneurship (TSE) has been gaining the interest of tourism scholars, little is known about the extent of knowledge on TSE and how understanding this phenomenon may be advanced. To address these gaps, we conducted a framework-based scoping review of academic publications ( N = 190) on this topic published from 2006 to 2023. We operationalised Gartner's (1985) framework for new venture creation comprising four dimensions namely individuals , organisations , environment , and processes , which we have extended to include a fifth dimension on impacts to further reflect the societal value of TSE. We found that knowledge of TSE is centred on processes , indicating a strong focus on the supply side of this tourism development approach and signalling critical knowledge gaps especially on individuals and impacts of TSE. We propose a conceptual model that shows the complexity and multidimensionality of TSE. Finally, we contribute a research agenda to advance knowledge of TSE.