Solid substrate assisted enhanced laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for metal element analysis in aqueous solution

Due to plasma quenching caused by the dense water medium, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) faces challenges such as strong continuous background radiation and weak and broadened characteristic spectral lines when directly detecting metal elements in liquids. In this work, we introduced a simple approach to improve underwater LIBS signals with a solid substrate-assisted method, which requires no sample pre-treatment and simple operation and thus has potential for