Recent Progress in Cellulose-Based Aerogels for Sustainable Oil–Water Separation Technologies

Polymer-based aerogels have recently received considerable research attention as a favorable option for oil-water separation due to their enhanced porous 3D structure with great specific surface area, low density and outstanding sorption behavior. Additionally, polymer-containing aerogels exhibit more favorable characteristic properties, such as being lipophilic-hydrophobic (superhydrophobic-superoleophilic), hydrophilic-lipophobic (superhydrophilic-underwater oleophobic), or other specific wetness forms, including anisotropic and dual-wettability. In this review, cellulose and cellulose-based materials used as an aerogel for oil-water separation are comprehensively reviewed. This review highlights the significance of cellulose and cellulose-based combinations through structure-property interactions, surface modifications (using different hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents), and aerogel formation, focusing on the light density and high surface area of aerogels for effective oil-water separation. This article provides an in-depth review of four primary classifications of cellulose-based aerogels, namely, cellulose aerogels (regenerated cellulose and bacterial cellulose), cellulose with biopolymer-based aerogels (chitosan, lignin, and alginate), cellulose with synthetic polymer aerogels (polyvinyl alcohol, polyetherimide, polydopamine and others), and cellulose with organic/inorganic (such as SiO₂, MTMS, and tannic acid) material-based aerogels. Furthermore, the aspects of performance, scalability, and durability have been explained, alongside potential prospect directions for the advancement of cellulose aerogels aimed at their widespread application. This review article stands apart from previously published review works and represents the comprehensive review on cellulose-based aerogels for oil-water separation, featuring wide-ranging classifications.