Bioactive compounds from deep-sea extremophiles: emerging potential in cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals

Abstract The deep sea contains a varied range of extremophilic bacteria that have adapted to harsh environments by producing bioactive substances with remarkable properties. These molecules, including enzymes, peptides, and secondary metabolites, demonstrate exceptional stability, strong antioxidant properties, and advantageous biocompatibility, making them viable candidates for use in cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. This paper offers a thorough examination of the biotechnological potential of deep-sea extremophiles as a largely underutilised source of functional agents for cosmetics, anti-ageing products, and health-enhancing dietary ingredients. Key bioactive molecules, such as extremozymes, exopolysaccharides, and microbial pigments, along with their bioactivities, including ultraviolet protection, collagen stimulation, and oxidative stress attenuation, are examined, with an elucidation of their methods of action. Recent advancements in biotechnological instruments, particularly metagenomics and high-throughput screening, are analysed for their contributions to addressing the difficulties of producing extremophiles and aiding in the identification of new bioactive compounds. The paper examines existing limits in scalable bioprocessing and regulatory compliance, investigates solutions like synthetic biology and fermentation optimisation to enhance the viability of commercial utilisation. This study highlights the capacity of deep-sea extremophiles to considerably aid in the creation of sustainable, high-value goods in the health and wellness sectors.