Differential targeting of olfactory epithelium and respiratory epithelium in nose-to-brain drug delivery

Despite decades of research, nose-to-brain drug delivery faces unresolved challenges. Major limitations include imprecise targeting of the olfactory epithelium and the lack of standardized in vitro and in vivo models for determining exact transport mechanisms and enabling cross-comparisons. Addressing these gaps is essential for advancing targeted nose-to-brain drug delivery systems.