Strengthening the non-pre-irradiated near-infrared mechanoluminescence of CaZnOS:Nd3+ by Mn2+ coactivation for biomechanical imaging

Doping of Mn 2+ greatly enhances the non-pre-irradiated near-infrared mechanoluminescence (NIR ML) of CaZnOS:Nd 3+ by energy transfer from the host to Mn 2+ to Nd 3+ . This effect allows the acquisition of NIR ML images with high signal-to-background ratios in biomechanical imaging.