Ameliorative effect of crocin on post‐thaw quality, fertility‐associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull sperm

Abstract Buffalo bull sperm suffer more cryoinjuries due to lipid peroxidation of high structural polyunsaturated fatty acid contents than cattle sperm. Consequently, the post‐thaw fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm is compromised. Crocin is a carotenoid known for its antioxidant potential through scavenging reactive oxygen species. Objectives of the current study were to investigate the effect of crocin addition in the semen extender on post‐thaw quality, fertility‐associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm. Semen samples ( n = 32) from four Nili‐Ravi buffalo bulls were extended with tris‐citric acid extender containing different concentrations of crocin (0 mM; control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). The extended semen was packed in 0.5 mL French straws (25 × 10 6 sperm/straw) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Computer‐assisted semen analysis, hypo‐osmotic swelling test, normal apical ridge assay, Rhodamine 123, acridine orange, propidium iodide staining, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay were performed to assess sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity, viability, and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Expression levels of sperm acrosome‐associated SPACA3, DNA condensation‐related PRM1, anti‐apoptotic BCL2, pro‐apoptotic BAX, and oxidative stress‐associated ROMO1 genes were evaluated through qPCR. The fertility of semen doses containing the most potent concentration of crocin (based on optimum post‐thaw semen quality) was compared with control during the breeding season. Buffaloes ( n = 400; 200/group) were inseminated 24 h after the onset of oestrus and transrectally palpated for pregnancy at least 60 days post‐insemination. Results revealed that 0.5 and 1 mM crocin improved sperm post‐thaw total motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and viability, and 1 and 1.5 mM crocin enhanced catalase activity and reduced lipid peroxidation compared to control ( p < .05). Moreover, 1 mM crocin improved sperm post‐thaw progressive motility, kinematics, and DNA integrity, and 1.5 mM crocin enhanced plasma membrane integrity than control ( p < .05). Expression levels of SPACA3, PRM1 and BCL2 genes were higher ( p < .05) with 1 mM crocin compared to other groups. In contrast, no difference ( p > .05) was noticed in expressions of BAX and ROMO1 genes among all groups. The fertility rate of semen doses containing the most potent concentration (1 mM) of crocin was higher ( p = .0465) compared to control (56 ± 0.03% vs. 46 ± 0.04%, respectively). In conclusion, 1 mM crocin in the semen extender improves post‐thaw quality, fertility‐associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm.