Some physiological characteristics of the pulmonary system of cynomolgus monkeys and baboons have been investigated. Lung mechanics tests included determination of tidal volume, frequency, respiratory minute volume, dynamic compliance and pulmonary resistances. The efficiency of lung ventilation of cynomolgus monkeys was assessed using a nitrogen washout technique. Values are given for a lung clearance index, functional residual capacity, and lung specific compliance which have not previously been reported for primates.