Faraday instability of a liquid layer in ultrasonic atomization

Ultrasonic atomization is increasingly used in industry, and the theory of Faraday instability in this process is investigated and compared with experiments and multiple Faraday wave simulations. For the viscosity-free case, the parametric curve equations explain the excitation and competition mechanisms of the different frequency harmonics and determine the strength of the Faraday instability. In the viscous case, the Faraday instability depends on the wavenumber and viscosity, and the strength of the instability can be obtained from the instability threshold. This study can provide scientific guidance for the process optimization of practical ultrasonic atomization production.