Fluorine-confined catalytic sites for augmented p–d hybridization promoting flow-type aqueous Zn–CO2 batteries

We developed fluorinated-MOF to confine Zn catalytic sites to address the low performance of the cathodic electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR). The electronegative fluorine atom redistributed the electrons of Zn sites, boosting CO faradaic efficiency to 96.9% and permitting high peak power density (2.57 mW cm^-2) in aqueous flow-type Zn-CO₂ batteries. The Zn-CO₂ battery produced CO and electricity simultaneously.