Synthesis and processing techniques of copper–graphene reinforced metal matrix composites: a review

Abstract Graphene has proven to be an extremely promising reinforcement material because of its exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. In the past few years, there has been extensive research in integrating graphene into a copper matrix for creating copper-graphene (Cu-Gr) metal matrix composites (MMCs). Research has demonstrated that even a small concentration of graphene content can considerably improve the overall properties of Cu-Gr composites. There are several fabrication processes for synthesizing such composites, such as powder technology, electrochemical deposition, and in situ growth processes. Each process has its advantages and drawbacks. This paper is a critical overview of the different fabrication processes and discusses the effect of various processing routes on the mechanical, electrical, and thermal behaviour of the composites. The mechanical performance of Cu-Gr MMCs generally relies on graphene dispersion, interfacial bonding, and homogeneity attained during processing. An extensive microstructural investigation is presented to clarify the internal structure and its relationship with material properties. Further, the challenges in each method of fabrication, such as graphene agglomeration and weak interfacial bonding, and suggestions for alleviating or overcoming these challenges are presented. Scalability and environmental concerns are also considered. Lastly, the paper identifies the future prospects of Cu-Gr MMCs for advanced engineering applications.