Pioglitazone Alleviates β1-adrenergic Receptor Antibody-induced Atrial Fibrillation Susceptivity via Mitigation of PPAR-γ-mediated Metabolic Inflexibility

Pioglitazone effectively reduced the AF vulnerability and recovered the atrial myocardial metabolism and mitochondrial damage. The potential anti-remodeling effect of pioglitazone on the atrium was associated with the moderately increased expression of key membrane proteins related to glucose transporter and fatty acid uptake, which may promote the increased myocardial preference for utilization of FA as the key cardiac oxidative fuel and ameliorate the atrial metabolic inflexibility.