CeO 2– x -Induced Interfacial Reconstruction of Fe 3 O 4 /Al 2 O 3 for the Formation of Cooperative Fe 0 –Fe 3 O 4 Dual Sites in Propane Dehydrogenation

dual-interface architecture. This interfacial electronic reconstruction enriches the electron density of low-valent Fe sites, facilitating efficient charge transfer during propane activation and promoting rapid propylene desorption. As a result, the optimized catalyst demonstrates accelerated PDH kinetics, high propylene selectivity, and enhanced resistance to coking. This work establishes a scalable route for constructing dual-interface active sites, providing a general design principle for low-cost, high-performance PDH catalysts.