Flexible fire-extinguishing microcapsule patch for autonomous early-stage fire protection in confined electrical spaces

-heptane pool fire within 5 ± 0.5 s, decisively preventing re-ignition. Moreover, under 300 °C thermal abuse for 18650 lithium-ion batteries, it delayed thermal runaway onset by an average of 355 s and reduced the peak temperature by approximately 199 °C. This work establishes a complete closed loop from the underlying dynamic mechanism to macroscopic device design, providing a new strategy for efficient and adaptive thermal safety protection in complex confined spaces.