The preparation and properties of niosomes—non-ionic surfactant vesicles

Vesicles were prepared on hydration of a mixture of a single or double alkyl-chain, non-ionic surfactant with cholesterol. These vesicles, or 'niosomes', are capable of entrapping and retaining water soluble solutes such as carboxyfluorescein, are osmotically active and can be formulated to release entrapped solute slowly. The physical characteristics of the vesicles were found to be dependent on the method of production and three such methods, based on liposome technology, are described. The vesicles have been characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy, freeze fracture electron micrography, measurement of solute entrapment efficiency, and solute release rates. Vesicular forms of the single chain surfactant which could be formed under certain conditions in the absence of cholesterol are also described.