Functionalized graphene oxide loaded GATPT as rationally designed vehicle for cancer-targeted drug delivery

This study focused to demonstrate the impact of the anticancer activity of nanoparticles of 1-{(2-hydroxyethyl) amino}-2-amino-1,2-dideoxy- d -glucose triphenyltin (IV) (GATPT) by using graphene oxide as a drug carrier. The synthesized GATPT was loaded on GO, which was prepared by the simple ultrasonication method. The successful loading of GATPT on GO was characterized by utilizing various physicochemical techniques, and the results showed that the encapsulation of GATPT on GO occurred via π–π stacking and electrostatic mode of interaction. The interaction of GATPT-GO with ct-DNA has been explored by employing absorption, emission, circular dichroic spectral methods, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The corroborative results of all these techniques along with molecular docking suggested the electrostatic mode of interaction of GATPT-GO towards DNA. Cleavage activity was performed by gel electrophoretic assays which indicated that GATPT-GO cleaves pBR322 via hydrolytic pathway in the presence of EtOH as an active species. The cytotoxic studies of GATPT-GO were evaluated against human prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines and liver carcinoma (Huh-7) cell lines, including normal cell lines (PNT2). These experiment results revealed significant cytotoxic activity against Du145 cancer cells than the Huh-7 cancer cells and were found nontoxic toward the PNT2 cells at a lower concentration. Also, image analysis was performed by confocal microscopy. The results obtained from confocal microscopy provide clear evidence of endocytosis of GATPT, revelling that the released drug (GATPT) from carrier (GO) has specifically entered into the cell nucleus.