Dual-waste upcycling of photovoltaic silicon and spent graphite into high-performance silicon–carbon battery anodes via plasma-assisted flash Joule heating

Plasma-assisted flash Joule heating upcycles waste photovoltaic silicon and spent graphite into Si/C anodes by coupling a conductive N-doped SiO x N y surface with a robust SiC interphase, enabling high initial efficiency and durable cycling.