Bioinspired leaf vein-architected gold nanowire ecoflexible biosensors for ultrasensitive occlusal force monitoring

), a wide sensing range (∼60 kPa), and rapid response time (∼210 ms for response and ∼190 ms for recovery). Furthermore, it maintains excellent long-term stability, consistently performing over 1000 cycles at 40% strain. Such bioinspired leaf vein-architected gold nanowire ecoflexible biosensors offer a cost-effective, scalable solution for real-time occlusal force monitoring and broader medical applications, paving the way for multifunctional, flexible biosensors in wearable electronics and personalized healthcare.