Plasma appearance and tissue distribution of astaxanthin isomers in male Sprague–Dawley rats after oral administration of Z ‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters through thermal treatment

The absorption and accumulation efficiencies of astaxanthin differs between the Z-isomers, and several astaxanthin Z-isomers would be converted into other isomers or metabolites into other substances during the absorption and body circulation processes. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.