Biomass conversion for sustainable hydrogen generation: A comprehensive review

Hydrogen is emerging as a promising and environmentally friendly fuel for the twenty-first century, primarily owing to its eco-friendly nature. The production of hydrogen from renewable biomass sources offers numerous advantages compared to traditional fossil fuel-based methods. Various techniques are currently employed to efficiently and cost-effectively convert biomass into hydrogen. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the advancements in various biomass-to‑hydrogen production processes. Additionally, several developmental efforts offer a concise overview of the different technologies utilized in these processes. Furthermore, it conducts a comparative analysis of the existing methods, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, it sheds light on the techno-economic aspects of biomass-to‑hydrogen production processes, underlining the practical considerations associated with these technologies. In summary, this work serves as a comprehensive resource, addressing the evolving landscape of hydrogen production from biomass, exploring innovative developments, and providing a thoughtful assessment of the various techniques while considering economic factors.