SP1 impacts the primordial to primary follicle transition by regulating cholesterol metabolism in granulosa cells

Abstract The primordial to primary follicle transition (PPT) in the ovary is critical to maintain sustainable reproductive resources in female mammals. However, it is unclear how granulosa cells (GCs) of the primary follicle participate in regulating PPT. This study focused on exploring the role of transcription factor Sp1 (SP1) in regulating PPT based on the fact that SP1 is pivotal for pregranulosa cell proliferation before primordial follicle formation. The results showed that mice fertility was prolonged when Sp1 was specifically depleted from GCs (GC‐ Sp1 −/− ). Besides, the PPT in GC‐ Sp1 −/− mice was reduced, resulting in more primordial follicles being preserved. Single‐cell RNA‐seq also indicated that the level of cholesterol metabolism was downregulated in GC‐ Sp1 −/− mice. Additionally, the PPT was promoted by either overexpression of ferredoxin‐1 (FDX1), one of the key genes in mediating cholesterol metabolism or supplementing cholesterol for cultured fetal ovaries. Collectively, SP1 in GCs participates in the metabolism of cholesterol partially by regulating the transcription of Fdx1 during the PPT.