The Brazilian lichen checklist: 4,828 accepted taxa constitute a country-level world record

A checklist of all lichenized fungi reported from Brazil is presented, including synonyms, orthographic variants and errors, misapplied names and misidentifications, and excluded names. Overall, 4,828 taxa are accepted (4,799 species and 29 infraspecific taxa), doubling the number reported in a previous checklist, with an additional 3,350 synonyms, orthographic variants and errors, and (partially) misapplied and excluded names. State-level distributions with corresponding references are given for all accepted taxa. The following 25 new combinations or replacement names are proposed: Buellia nortetrapla (Aptroot, I.Oliveira & M.Cáceres) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Hafellia nortetrapla Aptroot, I.Oliveira & M.Cáceres), Buellia pruinohafellia Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov. (replaced synonym: Hafellia pruinosa Marbach & Kalb), Celothelium burchellii (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Pleurotrema burchellii Müll.Arg.), Cliostomum subplebejum (Vain.) Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea subplebeja Vain.), Cliostomum variicolor (Malme) Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Catillaria variicolor Malme), Collemopsidium ceuthocarpoides (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Arthopyrenia ceuthocarpoides Müll.Arg.), Collemopsidium zonatum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Arthopyrenia zonata Müll.Arg.), Crespoa roystoneae (Vicente & L.Xavier) Canêz & Buril comb. nov. (≡ Parmelia roystoneae Vicente & L.Xavier), Fissurina vermiculus (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Opegrapha vermiculus Fée), Flagellostrigula pyrenuloides (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Strigula pyrenuloides Aptroot), Graphis redingeriana Lücking & Aptroot nom. nov. (replaced synonym: Graphina innata Redinger, non Graphis innata C.Knight ex Shirley), Hypotrachyna zahlbruckneri (Lynge) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Parmelia zahlbruckneri Lynge; synonyms: Parmelia palmarum Lynge, nom. inval.; Hypotrachyna palmarum Lynge ex Hale, nom. illeg.), Lecidella fuscelliformis (Malme) Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea fuscelliformis Malme), Lobariella faxinensis (Müll.Arg.) Lücking, B.Moncada & Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Ricasolia faxinensis Müll.Arg.), Micarea americana (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Catillaria americana Malme), Phlyctis subcalyptica (Redinger) Lücking & Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Phaeographina subcalyptica Redinger), Phyllopsora byssigera (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea byssigera Zahlbr.), Phyllopsora granulatofurfuracea (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea granulatofurfuracea Kremp.), Placynthiella termitophila (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea termitophila Malme), Stegobolus columellatus (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., (≡ Ocellularia columellata Zahlbr.), Sticta sublaciniata (Malme) Lücking, B.Moncada & Aptroot comb. et stat. nov. (≡ Sticta damicornis var. sublaciniata Malme), Sulzbacheromyces neofossicola (Corner) Dal Forno, Lücking & Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Clavaria neofossicola Corner), Sulzbacheromyces tutunendo subsp. armeniacus (Corner) Dal Forno, Lücking & Aptroot comb. et stat. nov. (≡ Clavaria neofossicola var. armeniaca Corner), Trapeliopsis glaucoplaca (Vain.) Aptroot comb. nov. (≡ Lecidea glaucoplaca Vain.), Yoshimuriella minor (Nyl.) Lücking, B.Moncada & Aptroot comb. et stat. nov. (≡ Ricasolia dissecta var. minor Nyl.). Although the number of 4,828 taxa constitutes the highest for any country in the world thus far reported, the actual number for Brazil could be much higher, considering the level of cryptic diversity encountered in recent molecular phylogenetic studies focusing on particular groups, such as Caliciaceae, Lecanora, or especially Pertusaria. An estimate perhaps up to 10,000 taxa does not seem unreasonable.