Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: a novel therapeutic perspective for skin diseases

Abstract Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PENs) are emerging as a unique class of bioactive nanocarriers with transformative potential in dermatology. Characterized by intrinsic biocompatibility, the ability to traverse biological barriers, and a molecular cargo rich in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and phytochemicals, PENs exert multi-target effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, modulation of melanogenesis, and promotion of tissue repair. In this review, we synthesize current advances in PEN biology, encompassing their biogenesis, molecular architecture, and cutting-edge methods for isolation, purification, and characterization. We also highlight translational progress in treating skin aging, alopecia, pigmentation disorders, and impaired wound healing, while critically addressing challenges that impede clinical adoption, such as toxicology, stability, delivery efficiency, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory compliance. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational strategies, PENs are poised to redefine therapeutic and cosmetic paradigms in skin health, offering a rare convergence of natural origin, molecular precision, and clinical promise. Graphical abstract