An engineered, biocide-grafted TiO2-based nanohybrid material with enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity

Water pollution demands urgent global attention. Nanotechnology offers a green decontamination alternative, but current solutions fall short in terms of efficiency, scalability, and long-term protection. This study introduces a novel nanohybrid material, TiO 2 -NCO/E, obtained by grafting Econea® biocide onto TiO 2 anatase nanoparticles. A suite of methodologies was used to scrutinize its physical-chemical structure, composition, morphology, optical properties, and stability. The new TiO 2 -NCO/E (0.5 g/L) exhibited improved photocatalytic performance, notably a 78% increase in a methylene blue degradation kinetic rate under visible (450 nm) light compared to pristine TiO 2 . Furthermore, the TiO 2 -NCO/E hampered the growth of World Health Organization-prioritized Gram-positive and Gram-negative waterborne pathogens in dark and UV-A irradiation conditions, enhancing its antimicrobial impact. The characterization of the mechanisms of action of the novel TiO 2 -NCO/E revealed that this nanohybrid material targets bacterial cell membranes and induces metabolic activity changes and oxidative stress in bacteria. Additionally, insights into the morphology and biophysical changes on inactivated methicillin-resistant S. aureus ( MRSA) and V. cholerae bacteria following treatment with the TiO 2 -NCO/E revealed synergistic antimicrobial effects from both the biocide and TiO 2 . Overall, the findings highlight the tailoring nature of TiO 2 , supporting its use in water decontamination processes. This study aims to inspire further research and development in pursuing sustainable and green solutions to environmental pollution. Highlights • A novel biocide-grafted TiO 2 nanohybrid was synthesized for water decontamination. • Enhanced photocatalytic degradation under visible and UV light was observed. • The nanohybrid exhibited 98% methylene blue photodegradation under visible light. • Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against key pathogens. • The material targets cell membranes and induces metabolic changes and ROS production.