Application of carbon nanotubes in sensing/monitoring of pancreas and liver cancer

Liver and pancreatic tumors are among the third leading causes of cancer-associated death worldwide. In addition to poor prognosis, both cancer types are diagnosed at advanced and metastatic stages without typical prior symptoms. Unfortunately, the existing theranostic approaches are inefficient in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted increasing attention in this context due to their distinct properties, including variable functionalization capability, biocompatibility, and excellent thermodynamic and optical features. As a consequence, they are now regarded as one of the most promising materials for this application. The current review aims to summarize and discuss the role of CNT in pancreatic and liver cancer theranostics. Accordingly, the breakthroughs achieved so far are classified based on the cancer type and analyzed in detail. The most feasible tactics utilizing CNT-based solutions for both cancer diagnosis and treatment are presented from the biomedical point of view. Finally, a future outlook is provided, which anticipates how the R&D community can build on the already developed methodologies and the subsequent biological responses of the pancreatic and liver cancer cells to the directed procedures.