Hydrolysates exhibited differential modulatory effects on macrophage compared to the raw polysaccharide (xyloglucomannan) isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

immunostimulatory assay indicated that XGM could effectively stimulate the activation and enhance the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, XGM-AH and -EH exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aberrant activation of macrophages, reduced the release of cytokines of macrophages. Flow cytometry assay suggested that XGM-AH and -EH inhibited LPS-induced M1-type polarization of macrophages. In conclusion, XGM-derived oligosaccharides possess anti-inflammatory bioactivities and exhibit differential macrophage regulatory behaviors in contrast to the immune-activating effects exhibited by the prototype polysaccharides.