Direct interaction between Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316-derived lipoteichoic acid and TLR2 mediates anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective effects in intestinal cells

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from L. plantarum ZJ316 binds TLR2 to suppress MAPK signaling, reduce inflammation, and enhance epithelial barrier function, revealing its potential as a gut-protective bioactive via the TLR2-MAPK pathway.