Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Dirhodium Catalysts: Strategic Design and Sustainable Organic Transformations

The development of heterogeneous dirhodium catalysts for the synthesis of important bioactive organic compounds and the reduction of noble metal losses has long captivated significant research interest. To date, numerous strategies have been proposed for the heterogenization of dirhodium catalysts. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the preparation of heterogeneous dirhodium catalysts, categorizing these strategies into two primary types: axial binding at axial rhodium sites and equatorial modification through exchange of a bridging ligand. We place particular emphasis on emerging approaches, such as the incorporation of dirhodium units into self-supported coordination dirhodium frameworks. Additionally, the synthesis protocols, structural characterization, catalytic performance, and recyclability of these heterogenized systems are meticulously analyzed. This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for the design of novel and highly efficient immobilized dirhodium catalysts with the ultimate goal of facilitating their industrial applications.