A Woundplast of Hydrogel Microneedles with In Vivo ATP-Responsive Therapeutic Logic for Bacteria-Infected Wound Healing

and vancomycin played an important role in achieving superior bactericidal efficacy. Moreover, the positively charged MN surface demonstrated 2.4-fold higher bacterial adsorption than neutral counterparts. In vivo experiments demonstrated that this platform both monitored infected wounds and accelerated healing, reducing wound areas to 26.6% of the control group while achieving recovery rates equivalent to noninfected conditions. This ATP-guided therapeutic platform provides a closed-loop strategy for combating antibiotic resistance in wound management.