Gusongan capsule enhances osteogenic differentiation to mitigate bone loss in ovariectomized rats via the TLR2/NF-κB pathway

This study highlighted that GSA capsule attenuated inflammation and augmented osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by targeting the TLR2/NF-κB pathway. These molecular mechanisms contributed to enhanced BMD and bone microarchitecture in OVX rats, suggesting the therapeutic potential of GSA capsule in OP management.