This paper introduces the related concepts of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the research progress in the application of microalgae to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids production at home and abroad,discusses the main synthesis paths for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in microalgae cells,composition and contents of EPA and DHA,strain screening,cultivation method for microalgae,the extraction of EPA and DHA and so on,and finally gives suggestions for optimizing the technology for the application of microalgae to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids production.