Acid and Metalliferous Drainage–A Global Environmental Issue

Acid and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD) is a critical environmental problem worldwide.It occurs when sulfide minerals, primarily pyrite, oxidise chemically or biologically to produce acidic wastewater containing elevated concentrations of sulfate and toxic elements.This short paper presents a very brief and general introduction of AMD, with a specific focus on two categories of AMD remediation options including source-and migration-control.Some most recent examples of potentially viable and economically sustainable surface passivation strategies for AMD control at-source are briefly discussed in this review.