Diffusimetry Renounces Graham’s Law, Achieves Diffusive Convection, Concentration Gradient Induced Diffusion, Heat and Mass Transfer

Absolute diffusion rates of KMnO 4 in vertical and flattened diffusimeters show the concentration gradient force as being stronger than the gravitational force. Hot water molecules move downward on self-diffusion against buoyancy. Diffusive convection (DC) in warm water and double-diffusive convection (DDC) in warm, saline water take place inside the diffusimeter with DDC transferring more heat than DC. In the diffusing medium the original reagents change or retain their compositions to give the diffusate molecules to diffuse. In water, the change is mostly hydration. The syngener BaCl 2 .2H 2 O separately with congeners 3CdSO 4 .8H 2 O, ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, and ZnSO 4 .H 2 O presents two distinct pairs of overlapping concentration versus rate curves, first for having very close MWs of BaCl 2 and CdSO 4 and second for having ZnSO 4 .H 2 O as the common congener for both the zinc sulfates. Chlorides of Li, Na, and K diffusing at hindered rates in glucose solution show the least rate for LiCl inevitably on grounds of low mass and high Li + hydration radius. Diffusion blocking occurs at higher glucose concentration. Diffusion of 0.6M AgNO 3 -0.6M NH 4 Cl standardizes this diffusimeter. Mass transfer of HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and H 2 C 2 O 4 show oxalic acid diffusing as hydrate and 88 percentage transfer of sulfuric acid in 5 minutes. The Superdiffusive Anti Graham’s Law, V d ∝√ M , is further consolidated by Ca (NO 3 ) 2 -M 2 CO 3 (M = Na, K, NH 4 + ) and Ca (NO 3 ) 2 -Na 2 HPO 4 diffusions. Odd and even diffusions are illustrated by AgNO 3 -NH 4 Cl and AgNO 3 -BaCl 2 diffusions.