失调
脂肪肝
微生物群
医学
肝硬化
脂肪性肝炎
肠道菌群
原发性硬化性胆管炎
肝病
免疫学
肠道通透性
慢性肝病
疾病
发病机制
免疫系统
胃肠病学
内科学
生物
生物信息学
作者
Charlotte Woodhouse,Vishal C. Patel,Arjuna Singanayagam,Debbie L. Shawcross
摘要
Summary Background Mortality from chronic liver disease is rising exponentially. The liver is intimately linked to the gut via the portal vein, and exposure to gut microbiota and their metabolites translocating across the gut lumen may impact upon both the healthy and diseased liver. Modulation of gut microbiota could prove to be a potential therapeutic target. Aim To characterise the changes in the gut microbiome that occur in chronic liver disease and to assess the impact of manipulation of the microbiome on the liver. Methods We conducted a PubMed search using search terms including ‘microbiome’, ‘liver’ and ‘cirrhosis’ as well as ‘non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease’, ‘steatohepatitis’, ‘alcohol’ and ‘primary sclerosing cholangitis’. Relevant articles were also selected from references of articles and review of the ClinicalTrials.gov website. Results Reduced bacterial diversity, alcohol sensitivity and the development of gut dysbiosis are seen in several chronic liver diseases, including non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol‐related liver disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Perturbations in gut commensals could lead to deficient priming of the immune system predisposing the development of immune‐mediated diseases. Furthermore, transfer of stool from an animal with the metabolic syndrome may induce steatosis in a healthy counterpart. Patients with cirrhosis develop dysbiosis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and increased gut wall permeability, allowing bacterial translocation and uptake of endotoxin inducing hepatic and systemic inflammation. Conclusions Manipulation of the gut microbiota with diet, probiotics or faecal microbiota transplantation to promote the growth of “healthy” bacteria may ameliorate the dysbiosis and alter prognosis.
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