SurfSol: A Multimodal Surface-Based Deep Learning Framework for Protein Solubility Prediction

of 0.555 and an AUC of 0.895, outperforming existing predictors. Ablation studies confirm the complementary contributions of the surface, sequence, and structural modalities. SurfSol demonstrates the importance of explicit surface modeling for solubility prediction and provides a generalizable framework for other protein property prediction tasks.