Advances in plasma catalysis for ammonia synthesis from catalyst design to process intensification

Ammonia is crucial for agriculture and a promising carbon-free energy carrier. Conventional production via the Haber-Bosch (H-B) process is highly energy intensive and a major source of CO 2 emissions. Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis has emerged as a promising route for decentralized and flexible production using intermittent renewable energy. This review summarizes recent advances in plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis, focusing on catalyst development, reaction mechanisms, and process intensification. The roles of in situ characterization, computational modeling, and multi-scale system integration are highlighted as key to rational catalyst design and process optimization. Techno-economic considerations are also evaluated to assess the viability of plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis. Overall, this review provides a timely perspective on advancing plasma catalysis as a sustainable route for decentralized ammonia production.