Comprehensive Review of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Drug Loading, Release, and Applications as Hemostatic Agents

Abstract Recently, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have emerged as promising candidates in the field of hemorrhage control owing to their extended pore size, high surface area, and excellent biocompatibility. These characteristics directly influence the toxicity of cells, the loading of therapeutic agents, and the release of active ions during the hemostasis process. Therefore, understanding the fundamentals of tuning these characteristics is important to design these types of carriers. While several literature reviews have explored the role of MSNs in hemorrhage control, comprehensive studies focusing on their general characteristics and specific applications remain scarce. This review concentrates on the principles of synthesizing mesoporous silica, the general types of MSNs, techniques for loading drugs methods onto the site of injury, release kinetics models, biocompatibility, toxicity, and the unique properties of MSNs. Furthermore, the article examines the mechanism of action of MSNs as nanomaterial hemostatic agents.