To Stop or to Shuttle Halides? The Role of an Ionic Liquid in Thermal Halide Mixing of Hybrid Perovskites

Ionic liquids, such as BMIMBF 4, are added to mixed halide perovskites to prevent halide phase segregation and increase phase stability, but exact mechanisms changing halide kinetics are currently unclear. Here, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and photoluminescence spectroscopy are used in situ under dark conditions to follow thermally driven halide mixing processes forming MAPbI 3– x Br x from physical mixtures of MAPbI 3 and MAPbBr 3 powders with and without BMIMBF 4 . Halide migration is significantly accelerated with BMIMBF 4 compared to additive-free mixtures. This is attributed to liquid-like dynamics of BMIMBF 4 at elevated temperatures, liberating defect sites at perovskite interfaces. Furthermore, the presence of BMIMBF 4 increases the activation energies for bromide migration, suggesting a changed nature of the latter. This is explained by a preferred interaction between BMIM + and bromide, indicating that the cations of the additive shuttle bromide ions between interfaces. Overall, these observations pave the way for a better understanding of halide transport in hybrid perovskites.