A subnano-confinement in robust MoS2-based membranes for high-performance osmotic energy conversion

A robust MoS 2 -based membrane with a subnano-scale confinement for Na + transport has achieved an osmotic power density of 73 W m −2 under a 50-fold concentration gradient and exceptional stability of 40 days with the tested membrane area of 0.78 mm 2 .