Toxic effects of micro(nano)-plastics on terrestrial ecosystems and human health

Microplastics and nanoplastics are emerging pollutants with minute particle size and significant specific surface area. These particles can harm organisms at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels, affecting microorganisms, plants, fish, mammals, and other species. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying microplastics' assimilation and associated contaminants by terrestrial organisms and humans, with a focus on detrimental impacts. Exposure to microplastics triggered oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, disrupted energy and lipid metabolism, and impaired intestinal function, impeding growth and development. Chronic inflammation and increased risk of inflammatory disorders in the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems may result from the immune system's failure to eliminate synthetic particles promptly. The study explored immune modulation and potential therapeutic interventions against microplastic invasion, along with detection and treatment methods in organisms to inform the future management of microplastic-induced diseases.