Transanal irrigation for low anterior resection syndrome: a systematic review and narrative synthesis with emphasis on nurse-led implementation

TAI shows promise an effective and well-tolerated intervention for LARS, particularly when delivered through structured, nurse-supported protocols. However, the limited number and heterogeneity of available studies, combined with small sample sizes (total N=332) and short follow-up durations (median 4 months), highlight the need for large, multicenter randomized trials with extended follow-up (≥12 months) to confirm long-term effectiveness and establish standardized implementation strategies.