Modulation of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance responses and gut microbiota composition in type 2 diabetic mice by capsicum residue soluble dietary fiber

). In addition, RT-PCR results indicated that CR-SDF upregulated the relative mRNA expression levels of insulin receptor substrate-1, PI3K, Akt, and glucose transporter 2. These findings suggest that CR-SDF could be an effective intervention for T2DM by improving gut microbiota dysbiosis and promoting intestinal fermentation to produce more SCFAs, which drive insulin secretion to improve the efficiency of blood glucose utilization. Moreover, CR-SDF promotes insulin signaling and improves insulin resistance by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby lowering blood glucose.