Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composites for Dual Functionalities: Advances in Microwave Absorption and Flame Retardancy

With the rapid expansion of electronic information technology and rising material safety needs, the creation of composite materials that perform both electromagnetic microwave absorption (EMA) and flame retardancy has arisen as a materials science research hotspot. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for developing novel multifunctional composite materials due to their unique structural characteristics and customizable functions. This work presents a comprehensive assessment of the most recent research findings on MOF-based EMA-flame retardant dual-functional composites. The fundamental mechanisms of EMA and flame retardancy are covered, including dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. The development of composites based on Fe-MOF, Co-MOF, Ni-MOF, and polymetallic MOF in terms of EMA and flame retardancy is highlighted. These materials offer exceptional EMA performance and strong flame retardancy effects thanks to their unique structural designs and component regulations. In addition, some materials have great infrared stealth, thermal insulation, hydrophobic, and mechanical qualities. Ultimately, the problems of MOF-based dual-functional composites and their development possibilities are reviewed, giving valuable references for the development of new multifunctional composite materials.