Near-infrared boron–dipyrrin (BODIPY) nanomaterials: Molecular design and anti-tumor therapeutics

New integrated cancer therapy and diagnosis strategies, such as fluorescence imaging, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy, have become a major research topic owing to their high selectivity, low toxicity, and non-invasiveness compared to traditional imaging and treatment methods. As a key factor, the development of integrated nanomaterials for treatment is also gaining momentum. Among various biomaterials, boron–dipyrrin (BODIPY) nanomaterials with near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission capabilities stand out owing to their excellent optical properties, deep tissue penetration, high biocompatibility, and multiple functionalities. In this review, we first discuss strategies for redshifting the absorption and emission bands of BODIPY dyes, including by increasing the length and degree of molecular conjugation (via structural modification, aromatic ring fusion, and polymerization) and by regulating the aggregation of these materials through a supramolecular strategy. The applications of NIR BODIPY nanomaterials in cancer imaging and treatment are then summarized, and methods for enhancing their photosensitivity and the construction of theranostic nanoplatforms are described. Finally, the development of these promising nanomaterials and the challenges for cancer treatment applications are explored.