Achieving high nitrogen and antibiotics removal efficiency by nZVI-C in partial nitritation/anammox system with a single-stage membrane-aerated biofilm reactor

This study innovated constructed an activated carbon-loaded nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI-C) enhanced membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) coupled partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) system for optimizing nitrogen and antibiotics removal. Results showed that nitrogen and antibiotic removal efficiencies of 88.45 ± 0.14% and 89.90 ± 3.07% were obtained by nZVI-C, respectively. nZVI-C hastened Nitrosomonas enrichment (relative abundance raised from 2.85% to 12.28%) by increasing tryptophan content in EPS. Furthermore, nZVI-C proliferated amo gene by 3.92 times and directly generated electrons, stimulating Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) co-metabolism activity. Concurrently, via antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) horizontal transfer, Nitrosomonas synergized with Arenimonas and Comamonadaceae for efficient antibiotic removal. Moreover, nZVI-C mitigated antibiotics inhibition of electron transfer by proliferating genes for PN and anammox electron production (hao, hdh) and utilization (amo, hzs, nir). That facilitated electron transfer and synergistic substrate conversion between ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). Finally, the high nitrogen removal efficiency of the MABR-PN/A system was achieved. The swift expansion of the breeding industry has precipitated the excessive discharge of livestock wastewater, which contains high concentrations of ammonia and antibiotics. Such hazardous substances endanger the aquatic environment. Antibiotics entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can lead to an imbalance of pollutant removal and microbial community. Consequently, constructing a system capable of efficiently removing pollutants simultaneously will be beneficial to the mitigation of environmental and human health hazards caused by pollutants. Our study innovatively employed a single stage MABR-PN/A system with electroactive nZVI-C addition to significantly remove of nitrogen and antibiotics.