Brusatol Exerts Therapeutic Effects in Ulcerative Colitis by Regulating the UBE 3 A ‐ LCN 2‐Mediated Ferroptosis and Inflammation Axis

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder with no clear etiology, causes diverse complications and severely impairs patients' quality of life. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is recognized as a potential fecal biomarker for UC. Brusatol (BR), a quassinoid compound isolated from Brucea javanica, has exhibited anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects in preclinical studies. While BR inhibits UC progression, its specific molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. An in vitro cell model of UC was constructed by treating human normal colorectal mucosal cells (FHC) with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and flow cytometry. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines and ferroptosis-related factors were analyzed using corresponding kits. Western blot and qRT-PCR were conducted for protein and mRNA detection. Bioinformatics analysis and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay were employed to investigate the relationship between LCN2 and ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). Finally, in vivo UC models were established, followed by BR treatment and evaluation of colon pathological changes and target molecule expression. In the TNF-α-induced FHC cell injury model, BR significantly suppressed cell injury and ferroptosis, and this effect was associated with downregulating LCN2 expression. The ubiquitin ligase UBE3A negatively regulated LCN2 expression. The protective effect of UBE3A overexpression against TNF-α-induced damage was abolished by LCN2 upregulation. BR alleviated cell injury by upregulating UBE3A expression, which in turn inhibited LCN2 expression. In the UC mouse model, BR mitigated colonic pathological damage, downregulated LCN2 expression, and upregulated UBE3A levels. BR exerted anti-colitis effects by upregulating the expression of UBE3A and downregulating LCN2 levels, thereby inhibiting cell injury, ferroptosis, and colonic pathological damage.