A 100-Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Receiver Integrated with All-Silicon Microring Avalanche Photodiode

This paper presents an optical PAM-4 receiver heterogeneously integrated with an all-silicon microring avalanche photodiode. Fabricated in 28 nm CMOS, the optical receiver achieves$100-\text{Gb} / \mathrm{s}$PAM-4 operation with -2.7 dBm sensitivity at 1.4e-4 BER with 1.3-pJ/bit energy efficiency.