Analyses of mRNA‐seq and miRNA‐seq of the brain reveal the sex differences of gene expression and regulation before and during gonadal differentiation in 17β‐estradiol or 17α‐methyltestosterone‐induced olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Abstract Olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) is a commercially important flatfish species cultured in East Asia. Female flounders generally grow more rapidly than males, therefore control of the sex ratio seems to be a proposed way to increase production. However, the sex determination gene and sex determination mechanism have yet been elucidated. The brain is an important organ that is involved in gonadal development. To explore the sex differences of gene expression in the brain before and during the flounder gonadal differentiation, we used messenger RNA (mRNA)‐seq technology to investigate transcriptomes of male and female brains. Between female and male brains, 103 genes were differentially expressed before ovarian differentiation, 16 genes were differentially expressed before testicular differentiation, and 64 genes were differentially expressed during gonadal differentiation. According to annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes information, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in circadian rhythm, circadian rhythm—fly, circadian entrainment, dopaminergic synapse, calcium signaling, glutamatergic synapse, taste transduction, herpes simplex infection, long‐term depression, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and the synaptic vesicle cycle pathways. MicroRNA (miRNA)‐seq was performed during the gonadal differentiation and the target genes of miRNAs were predicted. Integrated analysis of mRNA‐seq and miRNA‐seq showed that 29 of the 64 DEGs were regulated by the differentially expressed miRNAs during the gonadal differentiation. Our study provides a basis for further studies of brain sex differentiation and the molecular mechanism of sex determination in olive flounder.